Examining Brazing And Soldering Engineering Essay

Examining Brazing And Soldering Engineering Essay Brazing and soldering was the joining process, it similar like are welding process. The result in the name of the joining are being interchanged and confused. The welding society like an American society was selected the arbitrary temperature, example 800  °F as a line derarkation between two processes. Brazing is joining process that similar soldering except that the joining takes place at temperatures above 800  °F. Definition brazing is a metal joining process by using a filler metal is heated above and distributed between two or more close fitting parts by capillary action. The filler metal is brought slightly together, it melting temperature while to protected and by a suitable atmosphere with usually a flux. It then flows over the base metal and is then cooled to join the workpieces together. It was similar to soldering, except the temperatures using to melt the filler metal is above 842  °F. The filler metals are distributed between closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction. Brazing is call really braze-welding, wherein, a nonferrous filler metal is applied. Brazing alloys was much stronger than solder alloys. The brazed joint not requires as much depth to achieve the strength as the soldered joint. To achieve the strength, filler metal must be alloy wi th the base metal. The filler metal must combine with the base metal properly. The brazing condition was very good if the combination very properly. They are eight basic steps in making capillary metallurgical joints like step 1 is Cutting and sizing the parts to be joined, step is Cleaning, step 3 is Fluxing, step 4 is Assembling and supporting or jigging. For step 5 is heating, step 6 was applying filler metal, step 7 is cooling and last step was Post-cleaning. Several of brazing process must to added operations for cooling and post-cleaning. These steps may require for more operations in order to prevent further action by using the flux. The basic procedures must follow and the correct filler alloys are used, to having a successful joining. The joining design must be suitable capillary for the molten filler when the joint elements are properly aligned. The flow of filler must need to enable and assure coverage. Filler metal must melt at a lower temperature at the base material of allow the flow, substrate wetting, and interdiffusion. This means that some component of the filler metal must be soluble in the substrate solvent .To allow the brazing, heat can apply at the joint or to the entire assembly to be brazed. In this case, a temperature must be reached at the joint to allow the filler metal to melt, wet, and flow. Temperature must at least in the joint to prevent uneven or incomplete filling. Protective shielding is required during brazing process to prevent oxidation of cleaned joint on the surfaces during heating and until completed the braze flow. This can be accomplished with another a chemical flux or an inert atmosphere. Sometimes the flux or atmosphere can be required to clean and chemically can be active the surface at the brazed. To have a high quality brazed joint, the base metals and part must be closed, exceptionally clean and free from the oxides. In these cases, the joint clearances must be from 0.03 to 0.08mm because that clearance was the best capillary action and joint strength. However, some brazing process is not uncommon to have joint clearances around 0.6  mm. The brazing surfaces are very importance, as any contamination also can cause poor wetting. They have two main methods to cleaning parts, prior to brazing are chemical cleaning and mechanical cleaning. Mechanical cleaning is very importance to maintain at surface to force the wetting on a rough surface occurs more readily than on a smooth surface on the same geometry. Effect of temperature and time on the quality of brazed joints cannot be over looked. Temperature of the braze alloy can be increased because the alloying and wetting action of the filler metal increases very well. The brazing temperature must select above the melting point of the filler metal. However, there factors that influence the joint designers temperature selection. Must choice the best temperature as to be the lowest possible braze temperature, minimize any heat effects on the assembly, keep filler metal or base metal interactions to a minimum, and must maximize the life of any fixtures or jigs used. Some of cases, may can allow selected a higher temperature for other factors in the design. The effect on the brazed joint primarily affects the extent to which the aforementioned effects are present; however, in general most production processes are selected to minimize brazing time and costs. The most important is the non-production settings; time and cost are secondary to oth er joint attributes for example like strength and an appearance. Brazing process not contained within an inert atmosphere environment, fluxes are required to prevent oxides from forming from the metal in heated. The flux can clean any contamination on the brazing surfaces. Flux can be apply in any number of forms including flux paste, liquid, and powder or pre-made brazing pastes that combine flux with filler metal powder. The flux can also been like brazing rods with a coating of flux, or another name call flux core. In this case, the flux flows into the joint when the process to heat the joint and displaced by the molten filler metal to entering the joining. Excess flux must be removed when the cycle is completed because flux left at the joint can lead to became corrosion and prevent further surface finishing of brazing process. When the joining copper to copper can contain the brazing alloy can be self-fluxing. Generally, the flux can select base on their performance on particular base metals. The flux must be chemically compatible with the bas e metal and the filler metal brazing process. Self-fluxing phosphorus filler alloys can produce brittle phosphides if the material was iron or nickel. As a rule, a type cycles brazing should use less active fluxes for short brazing process. The materials for alloys are used as filler metals for brazing depend on application method. Braze alloys made up of 3 or more metals to form an alloy with the considered necessary properties. The filler metal can be chosen on its ability to: wet the base metals, melt at a lower temperature than the base metals or at a very specific temperature and withstand the service conditions required. Braze alloy been use in form as rod, ribbon, powder, paste, cream and wire. Depending on the application, the filler material can be pre-placed at the desired location or applied during the heating cycle. Wire and rod forms are generally used as they are the easiest to apply while heating in manual brazing process. In the case of furnace brazing, using material alloy can placed beforehand since the process is usually highly automated. The have many types of filler metals used are aluminium silicon, copper, copper phosphorus, brass, gold-silver, nickel alloy and silver.The high temperatures, oxidat ion of metal surfaces occurs in oxygen containing atmosphere from the brazing process. They may use other environment than air. The commonly used from the atmosphere like air, noble gas, and vacuum and combusted fuel gas. For combusted gas is nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and oxygen. Torch brazing is used because the most common method of mechanized brazing. They are three types of torch brazing in use for example like manual, machine and automatic torch brazing. Manual torch brazing is a procedure want the heat is using a gas flame on the joint b. The torch can be on hand held or held in a fixed position depending on if the process is completely manual or has some level of automation. Machine torch brazing was use a repetitive braze process is being carried out. This method is a mix from automated and manual process with an operator often placing brazes material, flux and jigging parts on the machine mechanism carries out the actual brazing. The advantage by using machine torch brazing method is that it reduces the high labour and skill requirement was better that manual brazing. Automatic torch brazing is a method use the eliminates in brazing operation, except for loading and unloading of the machine. The advantages by using this method is had a high productio n rate, reduced operating cost and uniform braze quality. In this process, they have advantages and disadvantage. For advantages, brazing process was not melting the base metal of the joining, the brazing allows much tighter control over tolerances and produces a clean joint. Dissimilar metals and non-metals can be brazed. In general, brazing also produces less thermal distortion with another welding process. The process is complex and multi-part assemblies can be brazed cost-effectively. The brazing can be coated for protective purposes and easily to adapt on mass production. For disadvantages on the brazing process is the lack of joint strength as compared with another welding process was the softer filler metals is using. The strength of the joint is less that of the base metal but is greater than the filler metal. The brazing joints easily damaged on high temperatures. SOLDERING Soldering is definite a process combine two or more metal items are joint into one by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joining. The filler metal had a relatively low melting point. The soldering was soft characterized by the melting point of the filler rod and the temperatures are 752  Ã‚ °F. They call solder in this process and by using the filler metal. Soldering was distinguished from brazing by use of a lower melting-temperature filler metal, it similar with the brazing. In a soldering process, they heat is on the parts of the joint, it causing the solder to melt and drawn into the joint. After the metal on cools, the resulting joints can see that not as strong as the base metal, but have adequate strength, water-tightness and electrical conductivity are good. The metallurgy of solders is presented some detail for the representative and predominant tin-lead system to overviews for important but less often used systems. The physical on solders are then described. The critical role of fluxes, their compositions and their physical forms are then described. Soldering can apply for assembling electronic components to printed circuit boards (PCBs). Another application is to joints the sheet metal objects for example food cans, roof flashing, rain gutters and automobile radiators. Jewellery are assembled and repaired by applying soldering process. Small mechanical parts are often soldered as well. Soldering can join lead came, copper foil in stained glass work and semi-permanent patch for a leak in a container or cooking vessel. Soldering can consider that the temperatures was so low, a soldered joint was limited service at elevated temperatures. Generally, the strength was should not be used for load-bearing members. For examples soldering applications include tin-lead, tin-zinc for joining aluminium, lead-silver for strength at higher than room temperature, cadmium-silver for strength in high temperatures, zinc-aluminium for aluminium and corrosion resistance, and tin-silver and tin-bismuth for electronics. The capacity material in soldering filler was many different alloys for differing applications. In electronics assembly, it was using the eutectic alloy of 63% tin and 37% lead. Other alloys are used for plumbing, mechanical assembly, and other applications. A eutectic formulation had advantages for soldering, the coincidence of the liquidus and solidus temperature. For quicker wetting as the solder heats up and quicker as call the solder cools. Additionally, the eutectic formulation had the lowest possible melting point, can minimize heat stress on electronic components during soldering. The solder was used in a soldered joint is selected to provide good wetting, spreading or flow, and joint penetration in the actual soldering operation and the desired joint properties in the finished product. A flux is intended to enhance the wetting of the base metal by the solder from precleaned surfaces and preventing the reformation of oxide or tarnish during the soldering operation. The select ion was depends on the ease with which a material can be soldering. Chemically was not aggressive or mild fluxes are used with solderable base metals. When chemically aggressive inorganic fluxes are usually used on metals are so difficult to wet, like stainless steels because of their Cr content. Chemically was reducing the gaseous atmospheres can be used to clean and subsequently protect precleaned joint elements in an assembly to be soldered. The joints that are enable to soldered should be designed and to permit application of flux. Joining should be designed properly to clearance is maintained between joint elements during the heating and cooling stages of the soldering operation. To maintain the alignment of joint components during the process, special fixtures may be necessary or the units of the assembly can be crimped, clinched, otherwise held together mechanically or by holding adhesives. The surface was an unclean will prevent the molten solder from wetting and spreading, making soldering difficult or impossible and contributing to poor joint properties. Flux can consider should not substitute for precleaning. Precleaning may remove the organic contaminants like grease, oil, paint, pencil marks, lubricants, coolants, and dirt, as well as inorganic films like oxides and other tarnish layers. Precleaning can involve any or all of the following three progressively vigorous methods for example like degreasing, pickling and mechanical cleaning. Precleaning can also be followed by a fourth step, precoating. All cleaning solutions can be thoroughly and remove before the soldering in progress. Precoating should be for metals that are difficult to solder because oxidize readily and, thus, can re-oxidize after precleaning if soldering is delayed too long. Precoating involves coating the base metal surfaces to be soldered with a more solderable and more oxidation-resistant metal or alloy before the soldering operation. Soldering can be performed with hand tools, one joint at a time on a production line. Hand soldering or manual soldering is typically performed with a soldering iron, soldering gun, or a torch, or occasionally a hot-air pencil. In Sheet metal work was use traditionally with soldering coppers directly heated by a flame, with sufficient stored heat in the mass of the soldering copper to complete a joint; torches or electrically-heated soldering irons are more convenient. All soldered joining required with the same elements of cleaning of the metal parts to be joined, fitting up the joint, heating the parts, applying flux, applying the filler, removing heat and holding the assembly still until the filler metal has completely solidified. It depending on the nature of flux material, the joints may be required after they have cooled. Distinction between soldering and brazing is arbitrary, based on the melting temperature of the filler material. Generally cannot achieve high enough temperat ures for brazing. Practically speaking there is a significant difference between the two processes, for example the brazing fillers have far more structural strength than solders, and are formulated for this as opposed to maximum electrical conductivity. Brazed connections are often as strong or nearly as strong as the parts they connect. Hard soldering or silver soldering was been performed with high-temperature solder containing up and it also often a form of brazing, since it involves filler materials with melting points in the vicinity. In silver soldering process was given a beautiful, structurally sound joint, especially in the field of jewellery. The power source of heat in induction soldering is heating by high-frequency AC current only. Some of metals are easier to solder than others like copper, silver, and gold. The more difficult material like iron and nickel because of their thin, strong oxide films, stainless steel and aluminium are even little more difficult. Titanium, magnesium, cast irons, steels, ceramics, and graphite can soldering but it involves a process similar to joining carbides. They are first plated with a suitable metallic element that induces interfacial bonding. Hand soldering tools include the electric soldering iron, the variety of tips available ranging from blunt to very fine to chisel heads for hot-cutting plastics, and the soldering gun, which typically provides more power, giving faster heat-up and allowing larger parts to be soldered. Soldering torches are a type of soldering device that uses a flame rather than a soldering iron tip to heat solder. Soldering torches are often powered by butane and are available in sizes ranging from very small butane/oxygen units suitable for very high-temperature jewellery work, to full-size oxy-fuel torches suitable for much larger work as copper piping. Common multipurpose propane torches, the kind used for heat-stripping paint and thawing pipes, can be used for soldering pipes and other fairly large objects either with or without a soldering tip attachment; pipes are soldered with a torch by directly applying the open flame. The soldering copper is a tool with a large copper head and a long handl e that can heated in a blacksmiths forge fire and apply heat to sheet metal for soldering. Typical soldering coppers had heads weighing between one and four pounds. The head provides a thermal mass, can store enough heat for soldering large areas between re-heating the copper in the fire. The larger the head, the longer the working time it affords. Conclusion The Soldering was similar like brazing, enables solid materials to be joined by using molten filler to flow into and fill the space between properly joint faying surfaces and then to solidify without required and causing melting of the base material. The liquidus of the filler in soldering is below the solidus of the base materials and below 4508C (8408F), by convention. Wetting and spreading of the filler by capillary action are then critical to proper distribution of the solder. The strength arises from a combination of metallic or other primary bonding. The principal reasons for soldering are to provide electrical connectivity and conductivity or leaktightness or hermeticity, as opposed to providing mechanical strength. They have similar and difference soldering with brazing. The brazing was similar like one of type of welding process by using gases. The soldering not using gases, just using electrical or manual like pre heat the flux.

A substitute for royalty Essay

As I reluctantly strode towards my final year of school I pictured the scenes that would await me. Without Jack, my best friend since infant school I felt depressed and gloated in my state of solitude. Jack had left to be an author, although he did not seem either a novelist or an intellectual. I had never read his work before but still I encouraged and supported him. During lunch I noticed the solemn expressions on the teacher’s faces, they lacked their usual humour and were drained of all normal colour. My efforts to replenish their vitality were useless; their expressionless behaviour dampened my own spirits. I left school as I arrived, upset, weary and worried. I couldn’t explain why the staff had acted so out of character. I thought continuously until in the corner of my eye I noticed a pupil from last year. He was pale and surrounded by cigarette butts. In the attempt to cheer myself up I dared to make conversation â€Å"I heard about your four A levels,† I muttered. Realising he may not have heard me I raised my voice â€Å"Has the fact you’ve achieved four A levels stressed you out that much that you’ve started smoking,† I said jokingly. Yet again he blanked me. I approached him gently placing my hand on the bench. I looked closely at his face. His skin was stretched over his bones; his cheekbones and eye sockets bulged out abnormally. â€Å"What’s wrong?† I asked reassuringly â€Å"It looks as if you’ve had an alien encounter,† He arose rapidly â€Å"Yeah something like that,† he finally replied. Then briskly he t rickled away into the distance. The following day I had games first lesson. In an attempt to secure a place in the first side this year, I subtly began to make conversation â€Å"I bumped in to Chris yesterday, he’s smoking very heavily, shame really he made such a good player.† â€Å"I don’t blame him† was the immediate response, bewildered and confused I questioned him â€Å"what do you mean?† â€Å"Ask Mr Lewis† he said in a faint voice as he rapidly relieved himself from my company. As soon as I reclothed myself from the shower I paced towards Mr Lewis’ office. Mr Lewis was a short middle-aged man who was consistently joyous; he was certainly not a stereotypical head teacher. I halted abruptly as he came into view. He was pinning up a notice on his door ‘There will be no welcome Prom, Sorry’ Shocked and upset I realised that this was maybe the only night a female would look at me twice. The anger swelled inside me and at that moment I was determined the prom would go ahead. So I decided to take the news well and acted as if the prom meant nothing to me. During the remaining day I secretly organised the traditional event and felt rather proud of myself as even the most popular guys in the school congratulated me for coming up with such an ingenious plan. The night of the prom lurked as the school bell echoed throughout the corridors signalling the end of school. As the hordes of pupils proceeded towards the exit I cunningly knocked the Janitors keys out of his hand and kicked them forward. A person up ahead picked up the keys, removing the key that would unlock the hall. He then discarded the rest of the keys by hiding them in someone’s bag. After returning home to get changed I entered the ceremony as a hero disguised in a turquoise suit with cue-ball cufflinks. I had arrived fashionably late, just as the votes were being passed around for who would be this years Prom King. Not surprisingly Karl won substantially, he seemed to possess some inhuman magnetism which melted girls hearts. His personality was nothing to be admired but his muscular build was all it took. The party did not warm up until 11 o’clock when a slender figure with a revealing dress approached me with the crown. â€Å"I think Karl must have left, I found this by the fountain,† her voice was so feminine I temporarily found myself in a hazy dream. The girl forcefully placed the crown in my hands. I hesitantly thanked her before asking Mark to come up and be crowned. However just over half an hour later a group of boys I recognised as Mark’s friends approached me soaked through and smelling of chlorine. They handed me the crown, â€Å"we found it floating in the Jacuzzi, Mark must have left.† I had no choice but to call up another contestant, his name was Tony. I hoped he would stay until the majority of people had left otherwise I would be forced to crown myself. A few girls had voted for me but I’m sure it was a joke. However, to my disgust a rather drunk pupil wandered clumsily in my direction, he fumbled with the crown. I removed it into the safety of my hands. † I found it by the lockers,† he uttered just before a huge lurch was followed by harmful amounts of vomit. He sat contently and upright next to a wall as I walked on to the stage. I introduced myself and explained the situation. I raised the crown high. It hovered menacingly above my head, until a powerful, shrill cry caused me to stop, it was Mr Lewis he burst in and broke down. The crown was dropped. He was extremely angry. We poured out everywhere. Unfortunately I had to face him next morning, he was in tears and gradually explained next to nothing just that last years prom was a disastrous tragedy. He handed me one piece of blood stained paper, which was addressed to me. It said ‘I’ve personally published this novel’ I frowned for a few seconds and handed it back I told him that I did not understand. Mr Lewis quietly murmured â€Å"come and see me after school if you don’t figure it out.† I thought hard all day but I couldn’t unlock the mystery. I went back and he showed me a picture of Jack my old friend. He was at the prom dressed in a dinner suit. Mr Lewis handed me a book. I noticed it was the book Jack had given me before he left. I had left it in my locker on my last day. The Janitor must have found it. I noticed the title ‘My unpublished novel’, I opened it, page after page was decorated colourfully in harsh words such as die, hate, kill. They continued for hundreds of pages. Puzzled I eventually turned to the Synopsis. It was a statement from Jack ‘I’ll show the world that not publishing my novel was a fatal error.’ I stared at Mr Lewis in fright. He slowly explained that he had got in touch with the publishers, which Jack asked to publish his book. The publishers told him the basic plot, ‘It was a story of a boys battle to become popular. He was laughed at for being voted Prom King and swore revenge at the next prom. At the next prom the boy was collecting everyone’s votes, then he would take them away and replace them with fake votes, which he had prepared earlier, therefore he could kill each King in the order he pleased. Throughout the night the crown was left in random areas about the school. People returned the crown claiming that the King had left the prom so a new one was voted for. The boy had eventually killed three Prom Kings and planned to kill the fourth one by dropping weights on to him, which were suspended by a rope from the ceiling. Then he poured the entire chemistry departments acid content over his body until he was unrecognisable. He started from the feet up to give him a slow death. He had turned blue from the weight on his broken ribs and sternum. However as he prepared to pour the last test tube full of acid onto his face the prom king lashed out with a severely burnt leg tripping him. He landed on the empty test tubes, which impaled him through his back. The prom king was found in mostly ash and the boy was bleeding heavily from his mouth. He was left in hospital for a while until A close friend came to see how he was and realised he had left the hospital. No body remained. The hospital was baffled. The friend ran back to the death scene finding only a crown near where the body of the fourth victim was found on the floor. Spontaneously he realised a possible connection to the fact that his neighbour hadn’t returned from the party. He was first to be crowned. It took him a while to believe it but His friend thought the boy had killed his victims and left the crown to signify it. The book then says the boy’s friend traces down people who had found the crown and began to reveal dead bodies left around those areas.’Mr Lewis looked deep into my eyes asking, â€Å"Now you understand, I’ve personally published this novel?† He did not await a reply; he carried on saying the publisher’s rejected his book in fear of it causing some person to act in the same way. â€Å"We believe Jack has acted out his own story for real and committed suicide by impaling himself at the end of it,† claimed Mr Lewis. Now Jack is haunting the crown. Whoever wears that crown is a certain victim of another violent, merciless death. Mr Lewis also explains that I must be the friend, why else would the note be to me? Mr Lewis asks if he thinks Jack would act differently if I wore the crown. I was very unsure but knew that Jack’s spirit had to be exorcised to put us all to rest and release the tension capturing the school. First I had to find the bodies of the various boys who had been crowned that night. I clearly remember that young woman who had told me she had found the crown near the water fountain. I rushed there as if I could still save him but I was sadly mistaken. A foul, pungent odour wafted towards me from behind a locked door. I forcefully hurled myself at the door, it shattered easily. The stench in the room was unbearable. I saw Karl, well I recognised one half of his face, the other seemed as if he had been hit close range with a shotgun, but someone would have heard that. I turned to take a sip from the fountain and only then realised there was dried blood all around it. Karl must have been drinking from this fountain while Jack approached him cautiously and then crushed his face into the fountain, leaving a gaping hole in his head. I left Karl to run to the swimming pool where Mark’s friends had found the crown. The Jacuzzi was the only sound interrupting perfect silence. I hesitantly switched it off. As the bubbles dispersed Mark’s figure became visible. He had the most frightening expression portrayed upon his face. He was fixed in a position with outstretched arms as his cumber band fastened him to a grill in the floor. He must have struggled vigorously before he finally drowned. Next I vaguely recalled my incident with the drunk and he had found the crown near the lockers. I guessed he meant Tony’s locker. Sure enough Tony was stuffed tightly into his locker while a maths compass was dug deep into his throat. I returned to Mr Lewis confirming each death. Mr Lewis was not coping well with the strain, he occasionally spluttered and tears ran down his cheeks. The same feelings were not present in my mind though only those of determination flourished through me. I politely stepped outside and headed for the chemistry lab. There I cautiously placed the crown on my head. Jack instantly appeared. He looked no different to when I last saw him. He appeared no less normal than the average human being. We barely exchanged words in our entire encounter. The first gesture made was an order for me to go closer to a neatly lined up row of glass. Obviously Jack was asking me to commit suicide. â€Å"I thought you would prefer this, I’ve known you a long time, you’ve never struck me as a fighter,† his cocky remark only flared my anger more. I slowly edged towards the glass bottles. Every step I took the wider Jack’s smile seemed to grow. Accidentally I managed to knock a bottle on to the floor. Panic stricken I wondered if his mood would change, mine certainly had, this was by far the most fearful experience of my life. Kindly Jack leaned over to pick the bottle up off the floor. As he arose I placed the crown on his head. He looked at me aghast. â€Å"How smart you look,† I proclaimed â€Å"anyone would think you were a substitute for Royalty.† He fell back on to the glass. The crown glistened evilly beside the table

Paper on John Pierport Morgan: Father of Modern United States Economy

John Pierpont Morgan is considered one of the founding fathers of the modern United States economy. Morgan was a banker, railroad czar, industrialist, financier, philanthropist, yachtsman, and ladies' man. The wealth of the Morgan family did not begin with Pierpont but with his grandfather Joseph Morgan. Joseph's first son was Junius Spencer Morgan, also destined for the life of a businessman. In 1864 Junius took over the Peabody Company and changed the name to J. S. Morgan & Co. John Pierpont Morgan was born on April 17, 1837 in Hartford, Connecticut. The family prospered in Hartford until Junius moved the family to Boston where Morgan began Boston English High. In 1857, Junius Morgan decided to broaden his son's experience by sending him to New York. The firm of Duncan, Sherman & Co. was the American representation of the George Peabody Company. In less than three years Morgan went from clerk to cashier in the company. In 1860 Morgan left Duncan, Sherman and founded J. P. Morgan and Company to act as an agent for his father's business. In 1864 Morgan joined up with another former businessman of Duncan, Sherman & Company, Charles Dabney. Charles Dabney and Morgan started their own company named Dabney, Morgan & Co. Morgan's business continued to grow as he intensively involves his company in more trade and commerce transactions. In 1871 Dabney retired and Anthony J. Drexel became Morgan's new senior partner. Drexel was already the head of the Philadelphia investment bank Drexel & and Company. The new company Drexel Morgan & Co. became one of the largest and most successful companies on Wall Street. When Junius Morgan died in 1890, J. P. became head of the London house. Anthony Drexel also died in 1893, and Morgan reorganized the Morgan and Drexel firms two years later. The New York based Drexel Morgan became J. P Morgan & Co. Morgan was an imposing figure on Wall Street and in the financing world but was virtually unknown to many until 1869. That year a war over railroads began including Jay Gould and Jim Fisk, both famous financiers. Gould already had dominant control over the Erie railroad and began to buy up stock in the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad. The board of the railroad was prevented from issuing new stock to protect itself and the president of the company, Joseph Ramsey, was suspended. Ramsey and the board of the company fought Gould buy acquiring more shares of the company. The board of directors and Ramsey asked Morgan for his financial support. Morgan deposed the Erie railroad directors and was more than happy to assist the Ramsey plea. Through legal feuds with Boss Tweed and other characters and holding covert stockholder meetings, Morgan was able to obtain a lease over the company. The state supreme court upheld the lease and ensured ownership over the company to Morgan, Ramsey and the original owners. The legislature, at the time, began to propose control of railroad management, prevent stock watering, and tax profits. William H. Vanderbilt, the legislature, at the time, began to propose control of railroad management, prevent stock watering, and tax profits. Vanderbilt inherited eighty seven percent of the stock of the New York Central Railroad. He made a secret agreement with Morgan to sell 250,000 shares of his stock to English investors. Vanderbilt also agreed to combine the Central railroad with the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad. When the news broke out about the deal, Morgan was praised as an economic genius and stepped out of his father's shadow. As Morgan enjoyed his position on the board of the New York Central, he used his position to settle a dispute of railroad organization in 1885. New York Central was competing with Pennsylvania railroad for control over the West Shore line. The two companies were engaging in rate wars and for control over surrounding lines. A second offspring, the South Pennsylvania line, was built by the Central to compete with the Pennsylvania line. Morgan argued that is was senseless for Vanderbilt and Gould, the two leaders, to compete over the lines. The two parties agreed and Morgan was again hailed as an industrial wizard. Mr. Morgan developed into the nation's railroad reorganizer. Morgan was brought in to slash the value of the watered stock, reduce interest rates on the bonds, and assess the shareholders for more money. Morgan's plans for the Philadelphia and Reading lines were working well until their president A. Archibald McLeod waged was against Pierpont. In 1888, John Pierpont was again called on to reorganize railroads in the east. Morgan was unsympathetic with governmental regulation; however, he sought to help enforce the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. After the Panic of 1893, the government called on Morgan once more to reorganize a large number of leading railroad systems of the country. Various devices were used to ensure Morgan's continued control and that of his associates over the companies. Morgan's methods of railroad organization followed a standard pattern with small variations. Third, Morgan and his associates would always charge enormous fees for their services. Morgan's reputation most likely grows from his role in the emergence of many modern companies. Morgan, through his innate business sense, helped launch some of America's largest corporations. Morgan was now known throughout the land for reorganizing the railroad system. Morgan was one of the earliest of Thomas Edison. Morgan continued to support the growing company by acquiring many stock shares and facilitating the company's merger with the Thomson-Houston Electrical Company. This merger created the General Electric company, one of the most prominent companies in the modern world. Morgan went on to help create the Federal Steel Company, the National Tube Company and the American Bridge Company. One of Morgan's most famous business deals was the formation of the United States Steel Corporation in 1901. Morgan collaborated with Elbert Gary and John Gates to consolidate different steel companies to form a â€Å"supercombination. † The U. S Steel Corporation was organized and acquired the outstanding bonds and stocks of the Carnegie Company. The company also bought the preferred stocks of Federal Steel, National Steel, National Tube, American Steel & Wire, American Tin Plate, American Steel Hoop, American Sheet Steel, Lake Superior Consolidated Iron Mines and American Bridge Company. Morgan agreed to reorganize the situation and the two companies Deering Harvester and McCormick Harvesting Machine were merged with three other small companies to create the International Harvester Company. A Boston firm primarily financed the American Telephone and Telegraph Company when they faced a consortium of New York bankers in 1902. The New Yorkers, led by J. P Morgan, brought back Theodore Vail as head of the company and funded the company with one hundred million dollars to reorganize the company on a national scale. After 1906, the company was revived and a commanding force it was also principally backed by the house of Morgan. At the time many people believed that Morgan as well as other wealthy financiers including Carnegie and Rockefeller were stronger than the government and were not subject to ordinary laws. Morgan was said to have greatly profited from the transaction, although much upheaval was caused when Morgan refused to reveal his profits to a congressional committee. The panic of 1907 had begun with the public in mayhem and the government turning once again to Morgan for his leadership. Morgan pooled together an emergency committee with Rockefeller, Harriman, Frick, Schiff and H. H. Rodgers. This meaning of great financial leaders decided to help deal with the problem and deposit money into the government funds. Morgan rejected this idea; however, the group did instruct the secretary of Treasury to deposit substantial government relief funds and organize thousands of banks nationwide to deposit excess money into the relief fund. Pierpont Morgan was a man of many pecuniary gains and along with these gains came speculations and controversy into his financial dealings. The public often questioned the large undisclosed sum of money Morgan made by supporting the Treasury in 1895. This event was only one of many debatable issues that concerned Morgan and his control over the government and the American market. President Roosevelt investigated Morgan's large deal with the U. S. Steel Corporation and Tennessee Railroad Company but found that that the â€Å"means employed were none the less effective, as well as profitable. † The culmination of the government and public's suspicion of Morgan's activities were the Pujo hearings of 1912. The House Banking and Currency subcommittee headed by representative Arsene Pujo had been trying to establish that a â€Å"money trust† ruled over America's major corporations, railroads, insurance companies, securities markets, and banks. The attorneys prosecuting Morgan made the pivotal point that eighteen financial institutions effectively controlled a two-thirds majority of the 1912 capital resources, over twenty five billion dollars. The lead attorney questioned J. P. Morgan about his actions in a famous cross-examination. Morgan was questioned on his supposed monopolies, earnings and business practices. The value of Morgan's organization of companies and funding is immeasurable, as these companies are some of today's leading corporations. Pierpont built America with more in mind than that of personal financial gain.

Essay on The Cultural Invasion of Kenya - 1242 Words

The Cultural Invasion of Kenya A screeching yell ripped through the house that Wednesday evening, Ahhhhh, were being invaded!. My mother rushed into the living room. I pointed to the flickering television screen. Look, I whispered in disbelief. A few seconds of silence followed. There they were, the words I never thought would appear on our 29 inch Sony screen: Sizzlin Hot Country. The appearance of American country music on the Kenyan airwaves was the latest sign that American culture had penetrated the borders of my country. The airing of Garth Brooks and Dolly Parton on the local television station is not the only evidence of the rapid spread of American culture in Kenya. One look at a large portion of its youth and†¦show more content†¦Pete was an example of a victim of the culture invasion. He would often be seen with his pants held precariously at his hips only by a belt. Sagging soon caught on with many students and yet again, I admit, with me. Sagging probably had its origins in the popular Americ an hip hop that appears on many local channels. While walking around in school, I would find students mimicking the popular 2 Pac and Dr. Dre, with a Wesssaaid sounding in the air occasionally. A friend was also nicknamed Krayzie Bone, after a member of the Bone Thugs- N- Harmony group. Baggy jeans that could have fit two people at a time were also the order of the day at many parties and get-togethers. Donning DKNY, Karlkani, CK and Adidas attire made one hip. Jeans had become such a popular article that during our schools annual Cultural Day, the only day when one could or would show off ones cultural attire, they were banned. School dances and parties rarely featured traditional songs. Instead, American icons like Aaliyah, Dr Dre and Britney Spears dominated the playlists. Roaming the grounds of my secondary school, I would find a girl singing out What a girl wants, what a girl... in a desperate attempt to mimic pop idol Christina Aguilera. For some reason, emulating American youth was trendy. Rakim, another one of my friends, was popular for putting on an American accent when talking with girls. This act of putting on a fake American accent was soShow MoreRelatedThe Responsibility And The Sovereignty Of The State1494 Words   |  6 PagesNations in the twenty-first century, 2000, p. 34) A sovereign state is a state that has the ultimate power within its borders. According to Thomas G. Weiss and Don Hubert (2001) this supremacy â€Å"includes the choice of political, economic, social, and cultural systems and the formulation of foreign policy†. No other nation has the right to get involved on its dilemmas. The state therefore is Supreme. However, the concept of sovereignty has changed. Nowadays sovereignty itself has restrictions. 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